home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
-
- The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - Introduction
-
-
- The DISCiPLE and Plus D were two disk interfaces for the spectrum
- designed by M.G.T. (Miles Gordon Technology). The first of these
- interfaces was the DISCiPLE, this interface consisted of a disk
- interface, microdrive network compatible interface, parallel printer
- interface, 2 joystick ports (emulating kempston, cursor, and Sinclair 1
- and 2). The unit also had an inhibit button which disabled the
- interface hardware (except the joystick ports), and finally a snapshot
- button which when pressed stopped the computer to allow the program to
- be saved to disk or the screen to be printed. This was made by
- Rockfort.
-
- The Plus D was the second of the interfaces, this was a cut-down
- version of the DISCiPLE, this interface only had a disk interface,
- parallel printer interface and a snapshot button.
-
- Both interfaces had a D.O.S. (Disk Operating System) which was partly
- ROM (8K) and partly RAM (8K). When the spectrum was turned on, the ROM
- part of the D.O.S. was in control and whenever the command RUN was
- issued the ROM tries to load up the RAM part of the D.O.S. from floppy
- disk. The advantage of this is that the D.O.S. can be upgraded without
- having to change chips over (unless of course it was a major upgrade!).
- Another advantage was that D.O.S. extensions could be incorporated or
- replace other systems (see later).
-
- With both interfaces, they extended the BASIC commands, but unlike the
- microdrives and several other types of drives available, the DISCiPLE
- and Plus D took up none of the spectrum's RAM, therefore it was the
- most invisible of the disk systems available, not only that, but the
- DISCiPLE and Plus D used the same type of disk drives as the BBC micro,
- therefore disk drives were both cheap and widely available, also the
- disks themselves were also standard, ie 5.25" (800K DS/DD), then later
- 3.5" (800K DS/DD).
-
-
-
- The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - The basic commands
-
-
- There are several levels of commands that can be used, these range from
- the most straightforward everyday use, to the more advanced, programmer
- type commands.
-
- I will first explain the most common commands, so that you can quickly
- and easily access DISCiPLE and Plus D disks. Where a 1 is used in the
- following commands 2 could be used instead. These commands are:-
-
- RUN - when no D.O.S. (system file) is loaded it will cause this to
- be loaded. Otherwise it will just run the BASIC PROGRAM. Please
- note that with the emulator the system file is already loaded,
- therefore this command is not required, although I have
- explained it for completeness.
-
- CAT 1 - will display a longhand catalogue of the disk drive selected.
- The form of this catalogue is as follows:-
-
- program no., program name, sectors used, file type,
- file size
-
- CAT * - will display a longhand catalogue of the currently selected disk
- drive in the same form as described above.
-
- CAT 1! - displays a shorthand catalogue of the disk drive selected.
- This catalogue consists of a 3 column list of the filename of
- the programs.
-
- CAT *! - displays a shorthand catalogue of the current disk drive.
-
- LOAD pn - p - letter p, n - number between 1 & 80. This is the program
- number of the file on the disk, the program number is the
- number printed before the name in the longhand catalogue.
-
- LOAD d1"name" - load from drive 1 the program called name
-
- LOAD d*"name" - load from the current drive the program called name
-
- LOAD d1"name" S - load an 48K snapshot from drive 1 called name
-
- LOAD d1"name" K - load an 128K snapshot from drive 1 called name
-
- LOAD d1;a$ - load from drive 1 the program whose name is held in the
- string a$
-
- LOAD d*;a$ - load from the current drive the program whose name is held
- in the string a$
-
- FORMAT d1 - format the disk in drive 1
-
-
-
-
- The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - More advanced commands
-
-
- In the previous section I explained enough of the commands so that you
- could get to use the floppy disks with DISCiPLE/Plus D software on. Now
- I am going to explain the commands that the more experienced user and
- those who want to do just a little bit more than just load the
- programs.
-
- First of all comes the simple commands of SAVE, MERGE, VERIFY and LOAD.
- All of these commands are the same as rge tape versions except that you
- have d1, d2 or d* after the LOAD, SAVE etc. There are only two
- exceptions to this rule, the first is when you have a string for the
- filename, in this case the command becomes:-
-
- LOAD d1;n$ ....... etc
- LOAD d*;n$ ....... etc
-
- The second exception is actually an extension. When you save a code
- block, you can actually get it to autorun when it is loaded by adding a
- third parameter to the SAVE command, e.g. if you had a code block from
- 40000 to 45000 and the run address was 41023 and you wanted it to be
- called testcode to drive 1, you would save it as:-
-
- SAVE d1"testcode"CODE 40000,5001,41023
-
- Now for the extensions.
-
- Any sector on the disk may be loaded to any area of RAM from 16384 to
- 65535-512. The sector may also be loaded into the RAM of the interface,
- however caution should be used at all times when doing this, as you may
- destroy the operating system or cause it to behave irrationally.
-
- The syntax of the command is:-
-
- LOAD @n,tr,sec,add
-
- Where:-
-
- n = drive number, ie 1 or 2, note * may not be used!
- tr = track number => 0->79=side 0, 128->207=side 1
- sec = sector number => 1->10 normally, may not be 0! If you
- try and load a sector that is sector 0,
- then the operating system will crash!
-
- You may also save to disk in the same way, so if you wanted to write to
- Track 5, Side 0, Sector 3 with code from 32768 to 33279 to drive 1 you
- would type:-
-
- SAVE @1,5,3,32768
-
- To format a disk all you need to type is:-
-
- FORMAT d1 or FORMAT d2
-
- This is not however as simple as it seems! Although a disk formatted
- on the DISCiPLE/Plus D will work with the PC it does not work the other
- way round, i.e. a disk formatted on the PC with this emulator will not
- necessarily work on the DISCiPLE/Plus D. This is because of differences
- of the floppy disk controller chips. With the PC, it puts a special
- byte at the beginning of each track to tell the controller whether the
- disk is Double Density or High Density, and the spectrum floppy disk
- controller does not understand this byte and therefore will not read
- the track! If you find this otherwise, then please write and let us
- know about it.
-
- You can set some of the D.O.S. system variables using an extended POKE
- command. The syntax is:-
-
- POKE @address,value
-
- The address is the BASE address of the system variables of the
- interface concerned, the BASE address for each of the interfaces is
- different, but the address you use in the POKE command is the same.
-
-
-
-
- The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - The snapshot button
-
-
- The snapshot button is a button which is used to stop the processor
- from executing instructions and making it do something else. In the
- case of the DISCiPLE/PLUS D the button can do 5 different tasks
- initially. Later on I'll discuss how the fuctions can be altered so
- that it can do other tasks. Once these tasks are carried out, the
- processor is returned to it's original state and the program continues
- from where it left off from.
-
- There are 5 functions that can be carried out with the initial system
- file.
-
- To use the button, first you must get to a point in the program that
- you want to use the button at, then press the button on the emulator
- the snapshot button is F5 (NMI). Once you do this the program will
- stop and the border of the computer will flash, this may also be
- accompanied with a buzzing noise on the speaker. This is to tell you
- that the snapshot button has been activated. The following functions
- can then be carried out:-
-
- 1 - Print screen to printer in black/white screen size
- 2 - Print screen to printer in grey scale A4 size
- 3 - Snapshot screen to disk in SCREEN$ format
- 4 - Snapshot program to disk in 48K SNAP format
- 5 - Snapshot program to disk in 128K SNAP format
- SPACE - go back to program (ie if F5 was pressed by mistake)
-
- The printer options will print out to EPSON compatible printers,
- however the DISCiPLE code has been changed and it is now possible to
- print to HPGL printers (e.g. Deskjet and Laserjet printers).
-
- The Snapshot screen and snapshot 48K are very self explanatory and easy
- to use.
-
- The Snapshot 128K is slightly more complicated. Once you select this
- option the disk drive will start up then after a slight pause the
- screen display may/may not change. The border flashes again and you
- have to press y or n depending on whether the screen display changed or
- not. If the screen stayed the same then press n, but if the screen
- changed type y. This is because the 128K spectrum has 2 screens, and
- there is no way for the computer to determine which is being used by
- itself, therefore it needs the user's help. After you press y or n the
- program will be saved onto disk.
-
- Seeing it is possible for you to load programs into the DISCiPLE/PLUS D
- RAM area it is possible to have these interfaces carry out other tasks.
- The snapshot button code is located in RAM, so you can therefore load a
- program into this part of the RAM and as soon as you press the snapshot
- button it will execute the new program. There is one problem however,
- which is that the program must be written in assembly language and must
- also be compiled for running in that part of RAM, also it must take
- care of what it does because the SPECTRUM ROM is not paged in,
- therefore ROM calls are not easily carried out.
-
- There are several different commercial programs which use the snapshot
- button to carry out different tasks, some of these are:-
-
- Snapshot compressing programs
- Debugging tools
- Cheat finders for games
- Programs to allow snapshots back onto tape
-
- The list is endless, and if you are capable of writing a machine-code
- program and have the relevant information, then you too could write
- your own programs.
-
-
-
-